Prepare the Cheesecake Filling:
In a small bowl, beat the softened cream cheese, granulated sugar, and vanilla extract until smooth and creamy.
Transfer to a piping bag or a ziplock bag and refrigerate for about 15 minutes to firm it up, making it easier to pipe.

Prepare the Cookie Dough:
In a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, baking soda, baking powder, and salt.
In a large mixing bowl, beat the softened butter, granulated sugar, and brown sugar together until light and fluffy, about 2-3 minutes.
Add the egg and vanilla extract, and continue beating until fully combined.
Gradually add the dry ingredients to the wet ingredients, mixing until just combined.

Assemble the Cookies:
Scoop about 2 tablespoons of cookie dough and flatten it slightly in your hand to form a thick disc.
Place about 1 teaspoon of cheesecake filling in the center of the dough disc, and fold the dough around the filling, sealing it well.
Shape the dough into a slightly domed ball to help maintain thickness while baking.
Place the dough balls onto a prepared baking sheet, leaving about 2 inches of space between each cookie.
Optional: Chill the assembled cookies in the refrigerator for 20-30 minutes to prevent excessive spreading.

Bake:
Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C) and line a baking sheet with parchment paper or a silicone baking mat.
Bake for 10-12 minutes, or until the edges are lightly golden.
If desired, gently press the center of each cookie with a spoon right after baking to create a small well for the caramel topping.

Cool the Cookies:
Allow the cookies to cool on the baking sheet for 5 minutes before transferring them to a wire rack to cool completely.

Add the Cheesecake & Caramel Toppings:
Once the cookies are fully cooled, pipe a swirl of the chilled cheesecake filling on top of each cookie. This step is optional but adds to the presentation.
Pipe a thick swirl of caramel sauce on top of the cheesecake filling, or directly on the cookie if preferred.
Finish with a sprinkle of flaky sea salt for the perfect sweet-salty contrast.